The Pituitary Gland And Dwarfism :: essays research papers

The Pituitary Gland and Dwarfism      The Pituitary Gland is arranged at the base of the cerebrum and it produces hormones which control development. Too enormous a measure of these hormones causes giantism, a condition where facial highlights, hands, and so on become strangely huge. Too little causes dwarfism, where the general height of an individual is little.      Dwarfism is the state of being modest, or under 127 cm (50 in) in tallness. A few diminutive people have been under 64 cm (24 in) in stature when completely developed. The word diminutive person is typically applied to midgets. Another development clutter malady is Cretinism which is an aftereffect of an illness of the thyroid organ it is the reason for most dwarfism in Europe, Canada, and the United States. Different reasons for dwarfism are Down's disorder, an inherent condition with side effects like those of cretinism, achondroplasia, a sickness portrayed by short furthest points coming about because of ingestion of cartilaginous tissue during the fetal stage, spinal tuberculosis, and insufficiency of the discharges of the pituitary organ or of the ovary.      Causes of pituitary dwarfism may fluctuate. Strangely short tallness in adolescence might be because of the pituitary organ not working accurately, coming about in underproduction of development hormone. This may result from a tumor in the pituitary organ, nonappearance of the pituitary organ, or injury.      Growth impediment may get clear in early stages and endures all through adolescence. Typical adolescence might possibly happen contingent upon the level of pituitary inadequacy that is available, which is the failure of the pituitary to create sufficient hormone levels other than development hormone.      Physical imperfections of the face and skull may likewise be related with variations from the norm of the pituitary organ. A little level of newborn children with split lip and congenital fissure may have diminished development hormone levels.      No perfect treatment has been grown at this point for pituitary dwarfism. Supplanting treatment with development hormone is shown for youngsters who have archived development hormone inadequacy. In the event that the insufficiency is a separated development hormone insufficiency just development hormone is given. On the off chance that the lack isn't disengaged other hormone substitution arrangements will be required.      There are a couple of complexities of pituitary dwarfism.

Create a Plan for Positive Influence Paper Essay Example

Make a Plan for Positive Influence Paper Essay Example Make a Plan for Positive Influence Paper Essay Make a Plan for Positive Influence Paper Essay Make a Plan for Positive Influence Paper Kevin Sanderson LDR/531 October 18, 2010 Lawrence Hibbard Create a Plan for Positive Influence Paper Working in a group domain necessitates that each colleague be inspired to finish the jobs needing to be done in a productive and viable way. Part execution is ordinarily proportionate to fulfillment. Bases for this triumphant blend can be gotten from self appraisals, for example, The Platinum Rule Behavioral Style Assessment and group coordinated efforts. The result of such evaluations and coordinated efforts are instrumental in the positive impact of cooperation both in school and working environment conditions. Regularly groups are alloted enormous undertakings to chip away at and the perspectives, qualities, feelings, and characters of the individuals are immediate properties of the tasks achievement or disappointment. An arrangement to advance a positive situation is the initial step of guaranteeing group achievement. The Platinum Rule Behavioral Style Assessment recognizes four styles of conduct: strength (the need to control and the need to accomplish), intuitive (flourish with the adoration, affirmation, and praises), consistent quality (warm, steady, and supporting people), and wary (diagnostic, persevering, and methodical issue solvers) (Alessandra, 2010). Each style incorporates four sub-styles: Dominance-executive, globe-trotter, maker, pioneer Interactive-socializer, partner, impresser, lover Steadiness-relater, pro, determined worker, harmonizer Cautious-scholar, ace minder, assessor and perfecter Each sub-style has its own sparks, which will be tended to later. At the point when each colleague has distinguished their individual style and sub-style, the group can work together to see who is best for what job and locate the correct elements for the group. It is discovered that for a few, the appraisal is an ideal depiction, though others accept the outcomes are misguided. The distinctions in view of people self is acceptable during group coordinated efforts since people can find practices and characters that they didn't know they had. Likewise it enables every part to relate to whom the person can work with the best. Various individuals have various qualities characteristic of their practices and characters that must be distinguished also when filling in as a gathering and huge tasks. For instance, An individual hoping to hustle and get-by would not work out in a good way in a group that is committed and hoping to convey a quality item or administration. Nonetheless, this sort of individual’s vitality could be utilized to deal with any difficult work that might be required and can be controlled and observed. When the distinguishing proof stage has occurred, it is imperative to discover approaches to build inspiration, fulfillment, and execution. Increment in Motivation As referenced before every conduct style has a sub-style with one of a kind sparks. For instance the Interactive Enthusiast (Id) is persuaded by impacting others. This implies this sort of individual encounters more significant levels of fulfillment by invigorating other colleagues in some positive structure or style. The acknowledgment of this impact at that point makes the individual perform at top levels. The more Interactive Enthusiasts can impact individuals, the more spurred and fulfilled him or she will be and singular exhibitions will expand (Alessandra, 2010). Another model is a Dominance Pioneer (Dc). This sort individual is persuaded by working in a situation to coordinate and divert task achievements. These advanced concentrated people are sharp witted and function admirably in possibility circumstances. Doling out new assignments in unchartered domains will build the inspiration, fulfillment, and execution of these people (Alessandra, 2010). Occupation fulfillment may likewise be expanded when an individual is accomplishing work that is preferred. Other employment fulfillment aspects included compensation, progression openings, management, and collaborators; nonetheless, if an individual is doing what is important to them the person in question will in general experience fulfillment long haul (Robbins Judge, 2007). Execution levels additionally can be expanded when explicit objectives are set. An individual, endeavoring to do the best the person in question can, may not arrive at ideal execution. The objective setting hypothesis recommends that particular objectives go about as inside upgrades and increment singular execution (Robbins Judge, 2007). Along these lines, if colleagues have unequivocal goals and courses of events the group has a superior possibility at viability and productivity. Conduct Influences It is apparent that a person’s conduct affects the elements and profitability of a group. Numerous variables have an influence in singular conduct. Conduct can be impacted by mentalities, characters, qualities, and feelings. Perspectives are supposed to be coolly identified with conduct implying that a person’s mentality will direct their conduct. Significance is one of the most remarkable arbitrators of perspectives social relationship. As indicated by Robbins Judge (2007) â€Å"Important mentalities are ones that reflect central qualities, personal circumstance, or ID with people or gatherings that an individual values† (p. 78). These sorts of perspectives exhibit a solid relationship to conduct. A person’s character, one might say, directs how people collaborate with the majority. Two limits of characters inverse of one another affect conduct; Type An and Type B characters. Type A people are forceful, continually moving, multi-taskers fixated on numbers, and measure in volume and mass. This kind of character is best utilized when an association taking off or experiencing a progress; might be hurtful during the development time of the business life cycle. Type B individuals are infrequently rushed, persistent, saved, and can comfort their psyche. This sort of character is best utilized when an association is attempting to concentrate on the strategic targets just as the comprehensive view; can be an unconstrained idea hindrance (Robbins Judge, 2007). Qualities are singular view of reality itself and the manner in which the individual decides to manage it. Since values depend on singular discernment, the individual in question can deter objectivity and soundness. This can negatively affect a group if an individual qualities cause the group to go astray from its objectives and goals by choosing to put self need over group need (Robbins Judge, 2007). The course of serious sentiments toward a person or thing is called feelings. In a hierarchical setting it is difficult for an individual to work on the off chance that the person in question encounters the feeling of outrage, for instance. This oment of feeling can change the temperament from wonderful to undesirable. This thusly can influence one’s innovativeness. Individuals in positive dispositions will in general be increasingly receptive, think quick, and concoct numerous thoughts, while those in awful states of mind can be cynical, unexpected, and have their psyche wonder (Robbins Judge, 2007). Contrasts Many contrasts exist in referencing perspectives, characters, qualities, and feelings. Similarly as one of the previously mentioned can positively affect a group, it can have an equal negative impact also. A group might be differing and contain numerous character qualities that may have impact on one’s feelings. These feelings can direct the individual demeanor, which has an immediate effect on the individual worth framework. Obviously, the arrangement of circumstances and logical results can be modified yielding an alternate result of similar components. Knowing and understanding the individual and aggregate contrasts of mentalities, characters, qualities, and feelings can enable a group to sort out its boards of trustees, plan its methodologies with key work force, make courses of events increasingly helpful for colleague inclination, and create trust among individuals. Decision When a group amasses the individuals must make sense of one another to cooperate. Diverse propelling, fulfilling, and execution driven emotions exist in everyone. Blend the sentiments in with the mentalities, feelings, qualities, and characters that every part has, and the result is erratic. In the event that arrangements are made for positive impact, the advantages to the group can be boundless. References Alessandra, T. (2010, October). The Platinum Rule Behavioral Style Assessment. Recovered from https://uop. blanchardassessments. com/reportcontents. asp? id=174030 Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2007). Authoritative Behavior (twelfth ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Essay to Learn Economics Topics

The Essay to Learn Economics TopicsIf you are in high school or college, there are many topics that will help you learn a lot about economics. These topics include price, cost, demand, and supply, but it does not have to be that way. You can easily write an essay about these topics in order to get the facts.These key points are used by professors in order to compare prices and the costs of products and services. The people who work for a company will also give information on the supply and demand for a product or service in order to make them understand how the supply and demand works. In order to learn this topic, you need to choose topics that relate to a subject that is important to you.Most large scale companies or business ventures tend to create an essay on this topic and they will choose topics that relate to production. It may be related to their favorite topic of course, but they will also choose topics that are useful for a very specific reason. If you want to learn more ab out these topics, then read on and find out what they are all about.Cost and Price are the two key concepts of economic theory. Since you are learning the basics of this topic, you will need to learn about the concept of the 'cost' first. When people talk about cost, they always use the words 'money'.We know that prices are not really that hard to understand since we are able to use it everyday in our daily lives. But we are also able to understand how costs relate to cost because we are always aware of the cost of the products that we buy. Because the cost is different in every product, it means that there is a certain amount of money that has to be spent in order to produce that product.The academic world has decided that a price is the amount of money that is used in a process. If the product has a higher price than the others, then the value of the product is higher than the others. When you think about how these prices are calculated, you will be able to learn about the concept s of cost and price.This can also be applied to the demand of a product because the demand is the difference between the amount of products in the market and the quantity that people need. When a demand is created, then the producer of the product has to increase the quantity of the product that he sells. But if the demand is already exist, then the producer will find a way to satisfy the need of the consumers.There are actually different prices that are used for different purposes. It can be used for the same purpose when using a number of products at a time. So, the questions that we can ask are - How do I know if the price and the cost of a product are the same?

Persuasive Conflict Essay - 981 Words

Maya Angelou once said, â€Å"I’ve learned that you shouldn’t go through life with a catcher’s mitt on both hands; you need to be able to throw something back.† Like Maya Angelou, we must fight back against conflict with a war of words. When we are faced with adversity, we need to respond forcefully with nonviolent approaches and be confident when answering the call. Rather than be physically aggressive towards the opposing group, people need to remain united through their purpose to truly accomplish and solve the problem. The best way for people to respond to conflict is to react peacefully. Many characters try to solve conflicts by using violence. This form of retaliation does not solve the problem, but makes it worse and causes the people†¦show more content†¦While responding to conflicts, we need to remain hopeful that we will be victorious. According to a graph by the Washington Post, nonviolent campaigns had a 50% greater chance of succeedi ng when compared to violent protests. Likewise, when resolving conflict, there is a greater rate of success when using a peaceful method, rather than violence. When we are faced with an issue, we need to take a peaceful route when trying to solve it, because it is more likely that you would be victorious when being peaceful, instead of violent. Throughout history, it has been proven many times of war and conflict, that when violent actions are taken towards the opposing groups, the loss of life and emotional trauma lasts longer than the small victories. Thirteen.org states â€Å"conflict is inevitable among people, aggression or violence need not be. While people have learned to respond to conflict with aggression, they can just as well be taught to respond to constructive methods of problem solving and negotiation.† This is relevant because even though we know that we can’t avoid conflict when we do face a problem, we need to be peaceful and fight with words. We need to learn to respond to conflict peacefully. Throughout history, a repeating theme seems to be that when using heartless and violent methods, we solve our issues. This is not true. Violence causes many losses and grief towards the terrible situations, resulting in our nation being torn apart becauseShow MoreRelatedThis paper is about the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict and favors the side of Israel. Basically a persuasive essay and argues for Israel.2639 Words   |  11 PagesSince the establishment of Israel in 1948, there has been constant fighting between Israelis and Arabs. The Israelis have the right to live peacefully in Israel, but there is a conflict because the Palestinians feel that Israel is their land. During recent years the conflict in the Middle East had been exploded on to our television screens. Day after day images of violence and suffering have dominated the news. Scenes of heavily armed Israeli soldiers facing young Palestinian children hurling stonesRead MoreArgumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines857 Word s   |  4 PagesWriting Handout E-5: Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines Structuring a Argumentative (Persuasive) Essay A persuasive essay is simply a writer’s attempt to convince readers of the validity of a particular opinion on a controversial issue. The following steps should help you write a persuasive essay. 1. Carefully select a topic Choose a topic that interests you. An argument does not have to be a burning issue, but it must be a debatable topic. It can be anything you feel strongly aboutRead MoreJohn Aaronovitch s Voodoo Histories1242 Words   |  5 Pagestake away from the idea of conspiracy. Conspiracy can be such a conflict with how we perceive the world around us. From reading this article one can see that how we process the thought of a tragic event, we make our stories how we want them to end. That is where, David Aaronovitch argues that conspiracy does not have power but the idea of conspiracy gives it power, he supported this by using these terms: sarcastic tone, allusion, persuasive appeals, general diction, and logically organized. AaronovitchRead MoreHaunted America by Patricia Nelson1324 Words   |  5 Pageshistory? The solution is because we essentially must to achieve access to the laboratory of human involvement. In the essay â€Å"Haunted America†, Patricia Nelson takes a truly various and remarkably gallant stance on United States history. Through the recounting of the White/Modoc war in â€Å"Haunted America,† she brings to light the complexity and confusion of the White/Indian conflicts that is often missing in much of the history we read. Her account of the war, with the faults of both Whites and IndiansRead MoreSample Learning Outcomes: Understanding the Functions of Essays1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthat writers use in different writing contexts†(Outcome 1), To read, analyze, and synthesize complex texts and incorporate multiple kinds of evidence purposefully in order to generate support writing†(Outcome 2), â€Å" To produce complex, analytic, persuasive arguments that matter in academic contexts†(Outcome 3) and lastly, â€Å"To develop flexible strategies for revising, editing, and proofreading writing.†(Outcome 4)All of these different writing outcomes are demonstrated within four of my essay’s thatRead MorePersuasive Synthesis Of Rhetorical Theory1482 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction As I’ve re-examined both my Persuasive Synthesis of Rhetorical Theory paper and cover letter and resume, I’ve realized how many improvements I am capable of making on my own papers simply by reanalyzing them and making changes accordingly. Below, I will present my strengths and weaknesses, as well as revisit my ability to implement rhetorical theory into my writing. Persuasive Synthesis of Rhetorical Theory Upon re-reading my paper on the Persuasive Synthesis of Rhetorical Theory, I foundRead MoreMovie Analysis : Fight Club1436 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay uses the movie Fight Club to reveal the impact culture, power, and conflict have in our daily lives. The movie centers on a nameless employee who works for a car company. He hasn’t slept for a long time because of his insomnia and rigorous job. He then discovers that by going to meetings of people with certain disabilities such as testicular cancer†¦ he can find a safe haven from the stress. He then spots Marla—a lady who is seeking the same relief, in various meetings. They agree to splitRead MoreIs Writing A Discourse Community?1241 Words   |  5 Pagesand writer wrote in and beyond the university. On way is writing essays about certain discourse communities like the â€Å"Persuasive† essay, where I had to write about a discourse community I was part of and how it used writing. It was a challenging e ssay on the part where I had to explain and give examples since my discourse community was my criminal justice study group. It was hard to describe how writing took place and make it persuasive showing why writing is important to my discourse community.SecondRead MorePersuasion Theory is Using Messages to Influence Others1346 Words   |  5 Pagesand â€Å"value†, which refers to what people think is, true or false and right or wrong. When someone asks, Do you believe in ghosts? they are implying that it is a fact that ghosts exist and want to know if it is true for you too. Another important persuasive communication definition to be aware of is attitude. When a person says, What is your attitude toward gay marriage? they want to know if you are favorable or not to the recent policies around this particular issue. People can have attitudesRead MorePolitical Participation in Hong Kong703 Words   |  3 Pagesthe political campaign in order to draw the attention from general public in specific issues. As a member of this citizenship, I will participate in the political events in order to give some pressure to the government to listen our opinions. In my essay, there are three major parts. Firstly, I am going to explain the background information of political participations. Secondly, I will discuss the ways that the Hong Kong citizens express their complaints in political participations. At last, I will

Intermediate Sanctions The Criminal Justice System

Christopher Fischer Corrections November 16th, 2014 Intermediate Sanctions in the Criminal Justice System Modern day prisons are being shoved full of a number different crimes, however many of these offenders are serving time for non-violent crimes such as drug offences or white collar crimes. Especially with the war on drugs and the large percentage of drug offenders being put behind bars for years and years for, realistically not a lot, the criminal justice system has been trying to come up with new ways to deal with these offenders. Although it has been improving, there are still an abundance of non violent offenders in US state and federal prisons that would most likely profit from other means of rehabilitiation then just fences and cells. Overcrowding prisons with inmates that could benefit from other types of punishment or treatment is at an all time high. There are many different ways to deal with different offenders, they are not just limited to prison or jail time like in the past. These options include probation, halfway houses, community corrections, and electronic monitorin g to name a few. These alternatives to prison can greatly change the way we perceive and treat non violent offenders, most notably drug offenders. With President Nixon’s war on drugs still the go to method on dealing with illegal narcotics, the amount of drug offenders being sent to prison is still sky high. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), in 2004 out of all theShow MoreRelatedDefinitions Of Probation And Probation Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, at year end of 2012, more than 4.7 million adults were under some form of community probation in the United States (Bonczar and Maruschak, bjs.gov). With so many adults on probation, one could only ask how they all are supervised. With the criminal justice system already bursting at the seams with offenders, its main objective is to keep offenders out of this already exhausted system. Probation, also called intermediate sanctions, is designed to do justRead MoreSummar y : Carmen Rivera 961 Words   |  4 PagesCarmen Rivera has been in and out of the system for the last years 20 years of her life. Carmen grew up with a dysfunctional family. Her Mother was an Alcoholic and a cocaine user, who work as a bartender from 8 am to 8 pm. â€Å"I used to come to the house on my way back from school, watching my Father (Emanuel Rivera) beating my Mother because she didn’t brought money to the house† Carmen explains. Her Father Emmanuel Rivera was worst of a drug addict then her Mother was. â€Å"My father was the one whoRead MoreDo We Rely Too Much On The Prison System1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criminal justice system has turned to; imprisonment, probation, fines, and even the death penalty to help and deter offenders from a life of crime. As the prison population continues to rise in this country health and safety questions rise as well. Not only for the prisoner but for also for the guards that are there to watch over and protect the inmates. It is time to ask some very important questions regarding sentencing alternatives including; â€Å"Do we rely too much on the prison system†, â€Å"AreRead MoreToday s Criminal Justice Over The Past Few Decades1307 Words   |  6 PagesModern trends in criminal justice over the past few decades exhibit the need for some criminal penalties amid the extremes of imprisonment and regular probation. Usually, increases in crime have been retorted with increases in imprisonment. This has developed a counterproductive model that often lead to overcrowded prisons and jails, early release of potentially dangerous criminals, and corrections budgets that eat away state funds. In an effort to be hard on crime, many jurisdictions are makingRead MoreEssay on History of Corrections1749 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of American Corrections The corrections system in America began mostly with the arrival of William Penn and his â€Å"Great Law.† This was back in 1682; the â€Å"Great Law† was based on humane principals and also focused on hard labor as a punishment. The corrections system really began to take hold in North America in the late 1700’s with the idea’s and philosophy of Beccaria, Bentham, and Howard. These philosophies were based on the thought that prisoners could be treated and reformed backRead MoreProbation And Parole And Juvenile Offenders Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessfully. Fifteen percent of parolees eventually return to prison, suggesting that there is success in the probation and parole system. The goals of corrections include punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence of crime; supervision of criminals and preparing offenders for re-entry into society. Corrections also aim to prevent recidivism or relapse of criminal behavior as well as reducing delinquency and violence in communities. The first probation officers were expected to provide moral leadershipRead MoreHistory Outline: American Correctional Facilities1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern American world but has been expanded because it was initially created to house 500 prisoners. The operations of the penitentiary were based on the system of solitary confinement (Beckett Herbert, 2010). b. A comparison and contrast of the Pennsylvania vs Auburn systems An auburn system is simply known as the congregate systems. In this system, prisoners were only allowed to have close interactions during meals, prayer and work time, after which they are supposed to return to their solitaryRead MoreThe Goals Of Criminal Sanction1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe four main goals of the criminal sanction in the United States are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Carried out through incarceration, intermediate sanctions, probation, and death are goals of the criminal sanction. Penal codes differ if the permitted sentences are indeterminate, determinate, or mandatory. Each sentence has an assumption about the criminal sanction. Judges consider discretion in fashioning sentences for factors of the crime, the offenders aggravatingRead MoreCase Study: Out-Of-Town1959 Words   |  8 Pagesconcerning the agency’s recommendation. The second is if Casey elects to discuss her officer’s recommendation for some form of interm ediate sanction, how can she justify such sanctions in general and in this case specifically. The third covers do you feel that the probation officer’s recommendation based on these facts is correct, why or why not. Lastly, which form of intermediate sanction would appear to hold the most promise for the offender in this case. Casey’s Response I would answer the phone and answerRead MoreJails and Prisons Comparison Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristics but are completely different models in which they serve in the criminal justice system. Some of the types of crimes that America faces today are: violent crimes, property, white collar or organized crime, and public order crimes (Worrall, 2008). The criminal justice system sets the regulations and policies of how an offender will be held accountable for their inappropriate actions. The criminal justice system is a process that takes time and money from society. The following information

Gender Inequality Women And Women - 1103 Words

There are hundreds and thousands of athletes all around the world but the main problem in the athlete world is gender inequality, women are not shown equal as men. They are discriminated in many ways such as pay, employment opportunities, value of women s sport, media coverage etc. Despite the federal law passed called Title IX that â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination. there is still gender inequality women are considered less than men. No matter what happens people will always have inequality against men and women because of the environment they live in and how they were raised. Women are discriminated in the sports†¦show more content†¦They are not given the same amount of support to pursue an athletic career as men. Moreover, according to Kelsey Clark she has stated in her blog that â€Å"The very highest paid female soccer athletes, including the United States’ Alex Morgan, make only around a half million playing soccer. The highest paid men, in contrast, can earn more than $50 million for their salary and other winnings†. This demonstrates that women athletes are being paid low which is not fair at all and women are back off they are not treated equally as they deserve more than what they get and have more talent but it s hidden because of the inequality. Women have careers in every job field such as business, science but in sports they do not have opportunities to go ahead and pursue a successful career. If we think about it in school, sport teams there are more men coaches than women there are barely any female coaches out there that are teaching others any sport. According to Emily Dugan women were surveyed and almost fifth of the women said that their careers have stalled because managers failed to promote them or offer training as stated in the newspaper independent inShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Of Women And Women Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesWe live in a society where men and women are not see the same nor are treated equally. Gender inequalities have always been an issue in our society. Women have always gain less respect than men based on their sex. The society has developed certain images and roles for males and females. Men are seen to have masculine traits such stability, independence, and confidence; whereas, women have more feminine traits such as nurturing, affection, and patience. As well, the society has developed the divisionRead MoreGender Inequality : Women And Women1242 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality There are hundreds and thousands of athletes all around the world but the main problem in the athlete world is gender inequality, women are not shown equal as men. They are discriminated in many ways such as pay, employment opportunities, value of women s sport, media coverage etc. Despite the federal law passed called Title IX that â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discriminationRead MoreGender Inequality And The Oppression Of Women2144 Words   |  9 PagesThoughts: Women Novelists from Bronte to Jelinek Assignment 2 (3000 words) Gender is a theme that has been greatly explored and challenged within literature. This essay will compare the theme of gender, specifically gender inequality and the oppression of women within a dominant patriarchal society, in Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex and Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own. De Beauvoir’s primary thesis is that men oppress women by characterising them, and the stereotypes of women are thereRead MoreGender Inequality For Women Working1209 Words   |  5 Pages Women Inequality: Gender Inequality for Women Working in the US Labor Force. By Karla Hernandez English II Mrs. Desai 6 May 2016 Karla Hernandez Mrs. Desai English II 6 May 2016 Women Inequality: The Gender Inequality for Women Working in the US Labor Force. According to the International Trade Union Confederation ever since 1979 the equality gap in pay had gone up, in 2010 women now earned 81% of what male employees earned. That later changed the wage gap opened, woman pay dropped byRead MoreThe Inequality Of Women And Gender Roles892 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout centuries, women have fought for the right to be treated and consider equal next to men; though women have moved passed most gender discrimination from society the issue of inequality of women and gender roles still lingers within our social institutions. We allow those in higher classes to hold so much privilege that they use their power to enforce social controls in order to place individuals who are devalued into a controlled category of difference. Father Roy Bourgeois was a priestRead MoreRunning Head : Gender Inequality And Women1526 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN 1 Gender Inequality and Women in Employment: Hiring, Promotions, and Salaries Amanda Rogers Chapman University GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN 2 Gender Inequality and Women in Employment: Hiring, Promotions, and Salaries In the workplaceRead MoreGender Inequality Of Men And Women1324 Words   |  6 PagesGender is one of many reasons why people in this world speak differently and some do believe that it has a great influence over the way in which men and women speak. Gender ties into many other aspects of why we speak differently such as occupation, class and power. These are just a few reasons why men and women speak differently. However many linguists now believe that gender doesn’t play that big of a role In the way we speak because both men and women have grown socially to be accepted in mostRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1094 Words   |  5 PagesWomen always have to face the gender equality, in any country. There will always be some problem regarding the topic gender inequality between men and women was socially constructed and has existed for only about 6000 years (page no.293). From thousand years ago, the society characterised by patriarchy. A system in which power is in the hands of men and many aspects of women’s life controlled by men. However, 20th century started to change everything and we saw lots of change even now. Society beganRead MoreUnequal Rights For Women And Gender Inequality1732 Words   |  7 PagesUnequal rights for women and gender inequality have been a plague across European society since the dawn of time. It was not until the late eighteenth century that women’s rights activists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, began to take action against this inequality. Through the perseverance of these activists, major reforms for equality began to arise during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both being time periods that marked a profound era for women and the progression of women’s rights. DuringRead MoreGender Equality : The Inequality Of Women In Society1197 Words   |  5 PagesWomen have had an ongoing struggle to be equal and have rights, opportunities despite the centuries of gender ineq uality. We believe that all people are created equally in the eyes of God and have privileges, self-respect, and the potential to succeed in life. In the world we live in today, however, we constantly face many kinds of neglect based on our different traits. All over the world, there are others with who may be prejudice of particular race or gender. What exactly is discrimination? It

Facts and Findings to Deal with Corporate Scandal or Collapse

Question: 1. Select ONE Australian company invoived in a corporate scandal or collapse. 2. Identify the parties concerned and the issues in the case/investigation. 3. Explain the facts of the case/investigation and explain the background of the issues. 4. Idendify important issues for the assignment? 5. Identify the law and legal issues regarding the collapse. 6. How was Investigation conducted in this corporate collapse. 7. Whats were the COURT findings. 8. Whats was Asic's findings (If applicable). 9. Was Corporations law successfully able to find the corporate entity or persons liable. 10. Whats measures can be identified to reduce the risk of future corporate entity or persons liable Answer: Introduction With the increase in tough competition within the market, the tendency of using unscrupulous and unethical ways of the people regarding making personal profits and benefits have increased to a huge extent. As a result, this has taken up a new shape thereby hampering the organizations to a huge extent and even leading to corporate collapse or scam (Christensen et al. 2010). Corporate collapse or scandal refers to a major liquidation or bankruptcy of a business due to the involvement of some unethical behavior and conduct of the people working within the company or on the behalf of it. It sometimes involves fraud of accounting and money that leads to the termination of the existence of the organization. It is not an all of a sudden event, rather is a gradual process where the signs of the company getting terminated develop over years (Mire, 2013). In this assignment, collapse of an Australian well renounced company named Centro Retail and Property Trust Group (Centro Group) will be discussed taking into account the causes of this major collapse. In addition to this, the facts that are investigated and analyzed on the basis this case, laws and issues and methods pertaining to the investigation are also discussed along with Court findings and ASIC findings (Gibbons and D' Andrea, 2011). 1) Corporate collapse of Centro Retail and Property Trust Group (Centro Group) In the recent years of modern industrialization, the corporate society of Australia has witnessed a pretty large number of scams and failures of the large corporate bodies. The Centro Properties Group is an Australian Real Estate Investment Trust company that is specialized in having ownerships as well as management of the shopping centers of Australia. The company has its headquarters in Melbourne, Australia and having offices in many parts of Australia. The collapse and the failure of this company when came into the limelight in 2007-2008 sent shockwaves all over the Australian business community (Carnegie and OConnell, 2014). The case was investigated and analyzed thereafter and a handful of management personnel were convicted and imprisoned on the charge of not discharging their duties and responsibilities properly that lead to the downfall of the company (Psaros, 2008). 2) Parties concerned and issues regarding the case/ investigation After the downfall of the company, a thorough investigation was done in order to find out the personnels involved that lead to the downfall of the company. A thorough investigation is done to find out the roles of the auditors, directors and higher authorities that were associated with the downfall and collapse of Centro Group (Kolb, 2010). Eight directors of Centro were found guilty for breaching their duties that lead the company in facing a huge financial loss. According to the results of the investigation, it was found out that the chairman of Centro group, Brian Healey and director Scott were found guilty in breaching their duties as they were unable to disclose the amount of the short term debt of nearly $3 billion in the annual financial report of 2007. The directors need to have stayed more alerted and could have made some relevant enquires regarding the understated financial statements (Alderman et al. 2012). The other higher officials such as Sam Cooper, Mr. Scott, Coles Myre, Jim Hall and Mr. Nenna had to give penalty due to not utilizing their powers and experience in understanding the financial situation of the company. Some of them were either disqualified from the position of the director or were penalized and others were declared contravened with no penalty (Malinovskii, 2014). These higher officials were charged for neglecting and failing to take the responsibility and strong steps for the wrong financial statements. The fall of Centro Group had a bad affect on the employees, shareholders, creditors and other associated with this company. 3) Facts of the case/ investigation and background of the issues The case of the scam of Centro Group has been investigated and facts regarding the scam have come into limelight. According to Stojkovic (2013) the errors in the accounts of Centro Group and the negligence of the directors in signing off the misstated financial statements was the major reason that lead to a major collapse or scam of the Centro Group. It was found out that the directors of Centro Group breached their responsibilities and duties while performing as directors under the Corporation Act 2001. The directors failed to read as well as understand the accounting and financial statements of the company and didnt apply any kind of knowledge and experience in reviewing the financial statements. They totally relied on the audit committee members and didnt bother to go through the financial reports and didnt exercise their powers for further investigation on knowing the financial position of the company. It was also investigated and found out that there were several errors in the a ccounts especially in the interest bearing liabilities which were shown in the accounting statement as liabilities having non-current bearing of any interest (Gibbons and D' Andrea, 2011). In addition to this, the case was further investigated for finding out the further facts and issues related to the case study. It was found out that 8 of the directors consisting of the CEO, CFO and seven other non executive directors were found guilty regarding the case of Centro Group (Wyburn, 2010). The case evolved due to the irresponsible attitudes of the directors in relation to false financial reporting. The failures also happened due to disclosure of certain guarantees that entered after the balance date. 4) Important issues for the assignment This assignment deals with the investigation and analysis of the collapse of Centro Group. The important issues of this assignment are finding out the reasons that lead to the collapse of Centro Group. In addition to this, the ASICs findings and Court findings will be further discussed regarding their investigations and verdict for this case (Mire, 2013). The failure of reviewing the financial statements by the directors and executives of the company lead to the collapse of the company. The issue arises due to the negligence and misusing the power of the directors and executives for investigating the financial position of the company. 5) Laws and legal issues regarding the corporate collapse The Centro Group collapsed due to failure since the directors failed to understand their powers in understanding the errors that were present in the accounting statements of the company. According to the law, each of the directors should have the acknowledgement about the current liabilities that bears interest as well as of the guarantees (Christensen et al. 2010). They also should be aware of the accounting principles that could have alerted the directors of the apparent error that as in the financial statements. They could have enquired and investigated the errors in the financial statements which they failed to do. This shows that not only they breached the laws of Corporation Act 2001, but also didnt utilize their powers and rights properly. According to section 344 of the Corporations Act 2001, the directors need to take the steps for securing the compliances with the obligations regarding the financial reporting. In addition, according to section 180(1), the directors of the company need to act with diligence and care in handling the financial statement of the company (Eyers, 2011). 6) Method followed in the investigation conducted in this corporate collapse After the collapse of Centro Group, the case was properly investigated and analyzed before drawing conclusions from it. ASIC was appointed for further investigating the causes of the corporate collapse of Centro Group. The time, place, space and the characters involved for the collapse and downfall of the company are identified. Data and information were collected from these personnel and situation that helped in the time of investigation. The directors and executives were questioned against their negligence they showed while signing off the financial statements while reviewing it thoroughly (Psaros, 2008). The directors though had higher degrees in financial literacy failed to use their expertise and knowledge in understanding the errors in the financial statements. The directors were found guilty of staying unaware of the companys financial position and totally relying on the audit committee of the company while signing off the error filled financial statement of the company. 7) COURT Findings The judgment of Justice Middleton included the following explanation, findings as well as conclusions regarding this case of Centro Collapse Group. According to the judgment of the court the directors of the company are all intelligent, consistent as well as experienced who were honest throughout and didnt adopt any unethical ways that lead to the downfall of the company (Wyburn, 2010). The directors were only aware of the liabilities that are bearing the current interest but if they were aware of the accounting principles, they could have become more alerted to the error in the financial statements. The directors at that time could have made necessary enquires to the management board, audit committee members and other directors which they failed in adopting the reasonable steps. In addition to this, the information that was not disclosed in the financial statements on the statues of the liabilities was important for assessing the risks. According to the Court findings, this important matter was either not known to the directors or if known, they could have analyzed it. The directors if had understood the significance of their duties and had read and used their brains in the financial statements, they could have questioned about the things that are not clearly mentioned in the financial statements. On the basis of the court findings, the directors didnt exercise their responsibility according to section 295 (4) to see whether the financial statements are consistent or not for judging the financial position of the company (Stojkovic, 2013). It is the responsibility of the directors to call up the auditors and accountants for further enquiry of any matter relevant to the financial statements which the directors failed to do. 8) ASICs findings ASIC is Australian Securities and Investments Commission that was given responsibility for investigating and analyzing the case of collapse of Centro Group. The major role played by ASIC was to exercise its powers for nailing down the directors of Centro Group for not carrying out their legal duties and responsibilities properly. According to the ASICs findings, the entire board of Centro Properties Group has breached their duties on approving the accounts that gave a false statement about the short term liabilities. It was a major finding of ASIC that there was an error of nearly $1.1 billion that arose due to misinterpretation of the short term debt. This resulted in suing of the former chief executive, Andrew Scoot, former chairman of Centro Group, Brian Healey and Paul Cooper, the current chairperson of the group by ASIC (Eyers, 2011). In addition to this, the other members such as Sam Kavourakis, former head of auditing committee, Jim Hall, the non current executive director and Peter Wilkinson and Graham Goldie who were also the former non executive directors were sued by ASIC for the collapse of Centro Group. Moreover, Romano Nenna who was the former finance director of Centro Group accepted some of the allegations that ASIC has charged on him. It was found out by ASIC that the accounts of 2006 2007 didnt disclose anything about the US dollar liabilities amounted nearly $1.75 billion that was guaranteed by Centro Group for an US based company. In addition to this, it was also found out that in late 2007, when the company was facing hardships in refinancing the bank debts, the prices of the shares of the company plunged. And in early 2008, the company revealed the fact that it had understated the short term liabilities of the company that amounted nearly $3 billion. On the basis of the findings of ASIC, the dire ctors of Centro Group failed to maintain the standard of care that was expected from the participants of the boardroom (Alderman et al. 2012). 9) Success of the Corporations Law in finding the corporate entity or persons liable After a thorough investigation regarding the collapse of the Centro Group, it was found out by the Federal Court that the executives and directors of Centro Group had broken the Corporations Act. The directors and executives of the Centro Group had signed off the financial reports that were unsuccessful in disclosing billion of dollars of the short term debts. The board members of Centro didnt take any fruitful steps and were not careful for carrying out their duties efficiently and effectively under the Corporations Act 2001 and thereby made mistake in approving the misstated fiscal reports of the company during 2007 (Carnegie and OConnell, 2014). It was commented in the court that the board members as well the audit committee members of the company were sleeping at the wheels and the court need to take decisions that will have hard consequences against the board members and executives. The corporate entities were highly financially educated and Scoot and Coles Myer had extensive experience in debt structuring ad property structuring. The other board members such as Sam Kavourakis, Jim hall, Paul cooper were holding the most prestigious positions in the company and had enough experience in the financial business. Still, the company was collapsed due to their negligence in overlooking the misstated financial statements (Mire, 2013). In spite of having enough knowledge in the financial world, the directors were totally relying on the advice that their well experienced and well paid auditors were giving them regarding the financial position of the company. The directors could have used their experience and knowledge for further investigating the financial situation of the company. From this, it is seen clearly that the Corporations laws were breached at every step which lead to the corporate collapse of Centro Group. 10) Recommendations regarding the reduction of future corporate collapse In future in order to prevent these kinds of corporate collapses, certain recommendations can be made for it. The directors and the executives of the companies need to be alert rather than totally relying on the audit committees and their financial statements. Since the executives and higher official are much more financially educated and experience they need to exercise their powers in cross checking the financial statements of the company related to the financial position. In addition to this, the directors and executives must use their power for further investigating the financial statements of the company. Moreover they also need to be careful in signing off the financial reports after going through it vividly scrutinizing every point in it. Conclusion This assignment has discussed about the facts and findings that dealt with the corporate collapse of Centro Group. The executives and directors were found guilty for not exercising their powers in a right way and were also found careless in signing off the financial statements without going through it properly. In addition to this, the procedure that was followed in this investigation is discussed along with ASIC findings and the Court findings regarding the Centro Group collapse. The effectiveness of Corporation Laws was also elaborately discussed regarding the violations of it by the corporate entities. Some possible recommendations are also discussed at the end of assignment for preventing or avoiding such kind of collapses. Reference Books Kolb, R. (2010) Lessons from the financial crisis, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Psaros, J. (2008)Australian corporate governance, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Journals Carnegie, G. and OConnell, B. (2014) A longitudinal study of the interplay of corporate collapse, accounting failure and governance change in Australia: Early 1890s to early 2000s,Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(6), pp.446-468 Christensen, J., Kent, P. and Stewart, J. (2010) Corporate Governance and Company Performance in Australia, Australian Accounting Review, 20(4), pp.372-386 Malinovskii, V. (2014) Annual intrinsic value of a company in a competitive insurance market,Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 55, pp.310-318 Mire, S. (2013) Australia: Ethics and Corporate LitigationConsidering Bell Group, Legal Ethics, 16(2), pp.370-372 Stojkovic, L. (2013) Legal aspects of risk management and internal control system as integral part of corporate governance at insurance company,Evropska revija za pravo osiguranja, 12(3), pp.46-53 Wyburn, M. (2010) Pooling as a response to the competing interests in corporate group collapse in Australia,Int. Insolv. Rev., 19(1), pp.65-97 Websites Alderman, P., Pickthall, E. and Chapman, L. (2012)The Centro experience twelve months later, Lexology.com, Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=175d0ca8-c50e-4dc4-bd8b-3eaef8830f2f [Accessed 18th Jan. 2015] Eyers, J. (2011)How ASIC nailed the Centro board, Financial Review, Available at: https://www.afr.com/p/markets/dealbook/how_asic_nailed_the_centro_board_mDAWIQQkJiIJlerHaLIKwJ [Accessed 18th Jan. 2015] Gibbons, P. and D' Andrea, J. (2011)Centro Case: A warning for all company directors and their advisors, Available at: https://www.aubreypaton.com.au/pages/Info/Centro-Case.pdf [Accessed 18th Jan. 2015]